A gastroscopy, also known as an upper endoscopy or oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), is a medical procedure used to examine the upper gastrointestinal tract, which includes the oesophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine).

Gastroscopy is performed to evaluate various gastrointestinal symptoms, diagnose conditions affecting the upper digestive tract, and sometimes to perform therapeutic interventions. It can be useful in cases of reflux, upper abdominal pain, bloating and iron deficiency anaemia.  A gastroscopy can help diagnose conditions such as ulcers, inflammation (e.g., gastritis), tumours, bleeding sources, or strictures (narrowing).

Prior to the procedure, patients are typically instructed not to eat or drink anything for 6 hours- ie fast from dinner the evening before for a morning list. This ensures that the stomach is empty, making it easier for the surgeon to visualise the gastrointestinal tract. In some cases, patients may also need to adjust their medications prior to the procedure.

Gastroscopy is usually performed with sedation to help the patient relax and minimise discomfort. The level of sedation can vary, ranging from mild sedation (conscious sedation) to deeper sedation or general anaesthesia. Some patients may opt for no sedation, depending on their preference and the complexity of the procedure.

During a gastroscopy, a thin, flexible tube called an endoscope is inserted through the mouth and into the oesophagus, stomach, and duodenum. The endoscope has a tiny camera and a light on the end, allowing the surgeon to visualise the lining of the upper gastrointestinal tract on a monitor.  Photos and biopsies are taken, and a copy of the report is printed and provided to the patient and hospital file.

The procedure typically takes about 15 to 30 minutes to complete, although it can vary depending on factors such as the complexity of the examination and any procedures performed during the gastroscopy (such as taking biopsies or treating bleeding sources).

While gastroscopy is generally considered safe, there are some risks associated with the procedure, including bleeding, perforation (tearing of the gastrointestinal tract), and adverse reactions to sedation. However, serious complications are rare.

After the procedure, patients are usually monitored for a short period until the effects of sedation wear off. They may experience some bloating, gas, or mild discomfort, but these symptoms typically resolve quickly.

The frequency of gastroscopy depends on individual circumstances and the reason for the procedure. It may be a one-time diagnostic procedure or may be repeated periodically for monitoring or follow-up purposes, as determined by the treating surgeon.